Influence of soil phosphorus status,texture, pH and metal content on the efficacy of amendments to pig slurry in reducing phosphorus losses

Cost‐effective strategies for using chemically amended organic fertilizers need to be developed to minimize nutrient losses in surface and groundwater. Coupling specific soil physical and chemical characteristics with amendment type could increase their effectiveness. This study investigated how water‐extractable phosphorus (P) was affected by chemical amendments added to pig slurry and how this effect varied with soil properties. A 3‐month incubation study was conducted on 18 different mineral soils, stored at 10 °C and 75% humidity and treated with unamended and amended slurry which was incorporated at a rate equivalent to 19 kg total P (TP )/ha. The amendments examined were commercial‐grade liquid alum, applied at a rate of 0.88:1 [Al:TP ], and commercial‐grade liquid poly‐aluminium chloride (PAC ), applied at a rate of 0.72:1 [Al:TP ]. These amendments were previously identified by the authors as being effective in reducing incidental losses of P. The efficacy of the amendments varied with the soil test P, the degree of P saturation (DPS ) and the Mehlich aluminium, iron and calcium, but not soil texture. Chemical amendments were most effective in soils with DPS over approximately 20%. Due to their high cost, the incorporation of amendments into existing management practices can only be justified as part of a holistic management plan where soils have high DPS .     

Do cover crops change the lability of phosphorus in a clayey subtropical soil under different phosphate fertilizers?

Plants have developed different mechanisms to absorb and solubilize phosphorus (P) in the soil, especially in environments with low P availability. This study evaluated the effects of different winter cover crops on soil P availability in a clayey subtropical (Hapludox) soil receiving soluble P fertilizer and a rock phosphate applied to the summer crop, under no‐tillage. The experiment was carried out over 3 yrs (2009–2011) with five different cover crop species: common vetch, fodder radish, ryegrass, black oat, white clover and fallow as control. The soil was sampled after the third year of cover crop cultivation and analysed for inorganic and organic P forms according to the well‐established Hedley fractionation procedure. Phosphate fertilizers promoted accumulation of both labile and nonlabile P pools in soil in the near surface layer, especially under rock phosphate. Fertilizer applications were not able to change P fractions in deeper layers, emphasizing that the Brazilian clayey soils are a sink of P from fertilizer and its mobility is almost nil. Although the cover crops recycled a great amount of P in tissue, in a short‐term evaluation (3 yrs) they only changed the content of moderately labile P in soil, indicating that long‐term studies are needed for more conclusive results.     

甘蔗叶不同还田方式对土壤养分的影响

为减轻秸秆焚烧所带来的环境问题和充分利用甘蔗叶资源,在大田环境下动态监测甘蔗叶粉碎、焚烧和深埋3种还田方式对土壤养分的影响。结果表明:甘蔗叶粉碎还田和深埋还田有利于甘蔗叶中有机碳及氮、磷、钾养分的缓慢释放;甘蔗叶焚烧还田提高了土壤碱解氮含量5.6~20.9 mg/kg和速效磷含量0.8~4.0 mg/kg,促进土壤中氮磷向有效态转化,焚烧还田初期显著增加了土壤速效钾的含量12.3~18.3 mg/kg,但焚烧会损失部分甘蔗叶中碳氮元素,也造成环境污染。综合分析认为甘蔗叶粉碎还田是比较省工、方便的处理方式。     

低温风干工艺下酱鸭加工过程中品质特性变化规律研究

为改善酱鸭的质地、色泽和风味,本试验在传统酱鸭加工工艺的基础上,引入低温风干工艺制备酱鸭,并研究其加工过程中理化特性(水分含量、色泽、剪切力值、质构特性)和挥发性风味成分的变化。结果表明,在加工过程中,酱鸭水分含量从76.55%降至58.27%(P0.05);与原料肉相比,L~*值在风干6 h显著降低,a~*值在腌制和风干结束下降,b~*值和咀嚼性在酱制阶段增加,杀菌阶段下降,硬度在酱制阶段升高,而弹性和内聚性均在杀菌阶段降低;与风干24 h相比,胶着性在杀菌阶段降低(P0.05),剪切力值先升高后下降。酱鸭挥发性风味成分分析显示,酱鸭成品有70种挥发性风味成分,主要为萜烯类、醛类、呋喃类、酮类、烃类和醇类;其中,莰烯、己醛和2-戊基呋喃是酱鸭成品主要的特征风味成分,分别占总相对含量的16.51%、10.44%和11.88%。本试验结果为低温风干工艺下酱鸭品质变化特征的研究提供了一定的理论依据。     

水稻均衡营养肥对杂交稻生长发育的影响及养分吸收特性

研究了水稻均衡营养肥对杂交稻生长发育的影响及养分吸收特性,以为精准施肥及秸秆还田养分循环利用提供必要的科学参数。结果表明,水稻均衡营养肥处理的株高、总粒数、实粒数、结实率、穗质量和产量均高于常规施肥处理,稻谷中的总钾、S~(6+)和Fe~(2+)含量均高于常规施肥处理,但总磷、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的含量低于常规施肥处理,总氮含量则基本相同;常规施肥处理的秸秆中总氮、总钾、Mg~(2+)和S~(6+)含量均高于水稻均衡营养肥处理,总磷、Ca~(2+)和Fe~(2+)含量基本相同。均衡营养肥处理氮、磷、钾利用率分别为67.8%、60.0%和95.5%,农民常规施肥处理分别为32.3%、86.0%和100%。可见,水稻均衡营养肥能均衡的为杂交稻生长提供必需的养分,大幅度提高肥料利用率。     

Utilizing a DUALEM‐421 and inversion modelling to map baseline soil salinity along toposequences in the Hunter Valley Wine district

In the oldest commercial wine district of Australia, the Hunter Valley, there is the threat of soil salinization because marine sediments underlie the area. To understand the risk requires information about the spatial distribution of soil properties. Electromagnetic (EM) induction instruments have been used to identify and map the spatial variation of average soil salinity to a certain depth. However, soils vary with depth dependent on soil forming factors. We collected data from a single‐frequency and multiple‐coil DUALEM‐421 along a toposequence. We inverted this data using EM4Soil software and evaluated the resultant 2‐dimensional model of true electrical conductivity (σ – mS/m) with depth against electrical conductivity of saturated soil pastes (EC_p – dS/m). Using a fitted linear regression (LR) model calibration approach and by varying the forward model (cumulative function‐CF and full solution‐FS), inversion algorithm (S1 and S2), damping factor (λ) and number of arrays, we determined a suitable electromagnetic conductivity image (EMCI), which was optimal (R² = 0.82) when using the full solution, S2, λ = 3.6 and all six coil arrays. We conducted an uncertainty analysis of the LR model used to estimate the electrical conductivity of the saturated soil‐paste extract (EC_e – dS/m). Our interpretation based on estimates of EC_e suggests the approach can identify differences in salinity, how these vary with parent material and how topography influences salt distribution. The results provide information leading to insights into how soil forming factors and agricultural practices influence salinity down a toposequence and how this can guide soil management practices.     

黄土高原植被恢复过程中土壤表面电化学性质演变特征

土壤胶体表面所带电荷是土壤具有一系列物理、化学性质的根本原因。表面电荷数量、比表面积、表面电荷密度、表面电场强度以及表面电位是土壤胶体颗粒重要性质,影响土壤中物理、化学、生物化学过程。运用带电颗粒表面性质联合分析法,测定黄土高原子午岭地区不同植被类型下土壤表面电荷性质,研究自然植被恢复过程对土壤表面电荷性质的影响。结果表明:随着植被的演替,子午岭林区土壤表面电荷数量、比表面积、表面电荷密度均随植被的恢复增加,变化范围分别为10.88～19.85 cmol·kg~(–1)、40.67～61.71 m~2·g~(–1)和0.22～0.31 c·m~(–2),平均值分别为16.18 cmol·kg~(–1)、54.88 m2·g~(–1)和0.28 c·m~(–2),土壤表面电场强度达108 V·m~(–1)数量级;土壤黏粒、有机碳含量是影响表面电荷性质的主要因素,解释率分别为62.5%和27.9%;土壤基本性质对表面电荷性质的影响由强到弱依次为:黏粒、有机碳、砂粒、全氮、C/N、粉粒、碳酸钙、pH。研究结果对于进一步认识黄土高原土壤颗粒表面性质,加深理解土壤中发生的一系列物理化学过程具有重要意义。     

种植年限对设施蔬菜土壤养分和环境的影响

为了给设施蔬菜地合理施肥提供依据,研究了不同种植年限设施蔬菜地土壤理化性质、微生物数量及酶活性变化,以露地土壤为对照(CK),采集种植1 a(年)、3 a、5 a、7 a、9 a、11 a、13 a、15 a、17 a、20 a以及20 a以上的0~20 cm设施蔬菜土壤样品,采用常规土壤理化性质检测方法测定了土壤理化性质和酶活性,采用平板计数法,分析土壤微生物数量。结果表明,设施菜地种植年限与土壤容重呈正相关,与土壤孔隙度呈负相关;设施菜地土壤pH值随种植年限的增加逐年降低,两者呈显著的负相关性;土壤EC值、土壤有机质和速效磷含量都随种植年限的增加而逐年增高,并与种植年限呈显著的正相关性;与CK相比,种植13 a的蔬菜样地土壤全氮和速效钾含量均显著地增加;连续种植20 a以上,设施蔬菜土壤含盐量比对照土壤显著地增加了486.49%。土壤细菌和放线菌数量、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,且都在种植年限为11~13 a时达到最大;真菌数量随着种植年限的增加而增加,而土壤脲酶活性则随种植年限的增加呈下降趋势;转化酶活性随着种植年限的增加保持不变。土壤微生物数量与酶活性之间存在一定程度的相关关系,其中土壤真菌数量与土壤酶活性之间的相关性最为显著。综上所述,种植年限不同的设施菜地,土壤养分失衡,呈现酸化趋势,盐分含量逐年增加,土传真菌病害潜在发生,对设施蔬菜生产不利。     

施石灰和秸秆还田对双季稻产量和氮素吸收的互作效应

红壤稻田面临土壤酸化和肥力偏低的双重挑战。施石灰和秸秆还田分别是稻田土壤酸化改良和培肥的有效措施,但二者的互作效应尚不清楚。本研究连续4年(2015—2018年)在江西省开展施石灰和秸秆还田双因素田间定位试验,旨在探明施石灰和秸秆还田对红壤双季稻田水稻产量和氮素吸收的互作效应。结果表明,施石灰和秸秆还田均显著提高了早、晚稻的产量和氮素吸收,且二者具显著的协同促进效应。秸秆还田下,施石灰使早稻产量和氮素吸收分别增加10.7%和15.5%;而在秸秆不还田下,增幅仅分别为4.4%和9.7%。秸秆还田下,石灰使晚稻产量和氮素吸收分别提高18.7%和24.6%;但在秸秆不还田下,增幅则分别为10.5%和5.7%。施石灰对早、晚稻产量和氮素吸收的促进效应随试验年限的增加而减弱。石灰对土壤pH值的提升效应随试验年限的延长显著降低。试验4年后,石灰对土壤有机质和全氮含量均无显著影响;秸秆还田显著提高了土壤有机质含量,而对全氮含量无显著影响。因此,秸秆还田配施石灰能够协同实现双季稻增产、土壤酸化改良与培肥。本研究表明在此酸性的红壤双季稻田上每4年左右施用一次石灰为宜。     

Soil risk maps – Interpreting soils data for policy makers,agencies and industry

Surface runoff, erosion, compaction and the leaching of potential pollutants from land can degrade the soil resource and damage the water environment, reducing crop yields, causing loss of valuable nutrients and organic matter, together with increasing flood risk. Increasingly, it is recognized that scientific information must be translated into practical tools to change practices and protect the soil and water resource. Working alongside agencies in Scotland, we applied a suite of simple, transparent, rule-based models to identify areas most at risk of exporting sediment and pollutants that may degrade water quality based on field-scale (1:25,000) soil maps. The maps have been used by Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Scottish Water and Scottish Government to assess soil risks to waters from field to regional scale. The work brought scientists together with policy makers, agencies and the water industry to pool their knowledge to apply these practical tools for decision-making. It highlights the need to apply existing knowledge to answer salient questions. All three examples described show that providing the right type of information, which is based on fundamental soils data, can directly influence the implementation of policies, investment and monitoring decisions and provide evidence in support of government. However, this requires both researchers and agency scientists to develop skills as knowledge brokers and to normalize the use of soil data in everyday agency settings.